- FACT: The first coin-operated vending machine was 2000 years ago July 26, 2009by RyanLeave a Comment Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria was the Da Vinci of his time, coming up with ideas for all sorts of inventions including a pneumatic steam-powered system that would open large temple doors when a fire was lit on the altar.
- Mortimer Mills received a patent for a coin vending apparatus in the early 1890s. The company's first upright slot machine was called the Mills Owl, introduced in 1897. This slot machine was housed in a late Victorian or Eastlake style furniture cabinet.
The story of the slot machine is one of intrigue, theft, controversy, and murder. Okay, not murder, but everything else. And it starts in Bavaria….
Augustinus Charles Fey was the youngest of sixteen children born in 1862 in the small village of Vohringen, Bavaria which sits at the edge of the Alps. Early on, he displayed an interest in mechanics, following his brothers' footsteps and working in a farm tool factory in Munich. At fifteen, August hit the road (apparently fearful of his strict father and not wanting to serve in the military) and walked across Europe. He stopped in France for about three years, working as an intercom equipment manufacturer, and then made his way to a British shipyard (approximately 750 miles and an English channel away from home), where he settled down for five years as a nautical instrument maker. Ram slot riser.
In slot machine invented by Bavarian-born American inventor Charles August Fey, at the time a mechanic in San Francisco, who built his first coin-operated gambling machine in 1894. The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement; it proved so successful at a local saloon that he soon quit his job.
Several years before, August's uncle (his mother's brother) had moved to and settled in New Jersey. The family received letters from him talking of fortune and the good life America provided. So, August saved his money and made the pilgrimage to the United States. He arrived in New Jersey and lived with his uncle's family in Hoboken (the birth place of baseball), but quickly made the decision to try his hand out west in the 'lawless' town of San Francisco. He arrived there approximately in 1884/1885 at around 23 years old, right when the city was attempting to change itself, for better and worse.
In 2013, maps of San Francisco were uncovered from the late 19th century. These maps showed numerous gambling halls, opium dens, and brothels dotting the city, with each vice-ridden location color-coded on the maps. Despite this, little was done at this time by the local government and police force about these illegal establishments.
In this environment, Fey used his skills as a mechanic and found a job at California Electric Works (later Western Electric, which went defunct in 1995). He worked as an instrument maker and while doing this befriended a German foreman, Theodore Holtz, who will come into this story again later. It was also about this time that he met Marie Christine Volkmar, the daughter of a cigar shop owner, with whom he fell in love with.
Unfortunately, he contracted consumption, aka tuberculosis (see: Why Tuberculosis was Called Consumption), and hit the road again, this time for warmer weather in Mexico. While there, his health did not improve, so he returned to San Fran, thinking if he was going to die, it might as well be near the woman he loved. He miraculously got better (potentially due to the controversial use of creosote, obtained through the distillation of tar) and married Marie in 1889. They would go on to have four children together. To top off the metamorphosis going on in his life, August Charles Fey changed his name to Charles Fey, reportedly because he hated being called 'Gus.'
At this point, Fey began tinkering with creating and inventing his own mechanical devices. Always a fan of making money, he frequented the gambling halls of San Francisco and noticed the so-called 'nickel-in-the-slot' machines that were rapidly becoming popular. These machines were much closer to vending machines than to what we think of slot machines today, dispensing cigars or drink tickets. These also usually required a human, the cigar shop owner or barkeep, to give you your prize. The most popular ones were the poker machines that would actually flip real playing cards on five reels, revealing the hand. The better the hand, the more drink/cigar tickets you earned. These types of machines were so ubiquitous that a San Francisco Daily News headline noted, 'Fiveteen Hundred Swindling Machines in One City!'
In 1893, Fey thought he could make a better gambling machine. His work friend Theodore Holtz introduced him to another German who was working at California Electric Works, Gustav Friedrich Wilhelm Schultze. On August 8, 1893, Schultze had patented his own 'coin-controlled apparatus,' called the 'Horseshoe.' This was the first US patent issued for a gambling machine and was the first to somewhat resemble what we now know as a modern slot machine. In fact, some historians have argued that Schultz, not Fey, should be the one known as the 'Thomas Edison of slot machines.' We will come back to that later. Either way, Fey was impressed and 'inspired' by the Horseshoe and went to work on his own coin-controlled apparatus.
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In 1894, Fey designed a version of the Horseshoe, quite simply the same machine, but with a better mechanical reel, and asked Holtz to be his equal business partner (and not Schultz.) Holtz agreed and they both quit their jobs at California Electric, setting up shop as 'Holtz and Fey Electric Works' at 39 Stevenson Street. Purposefully, they positioned their shop close to Schultz's shop, who had also quit his job to make gambling machines. This should have set up a rivalry, except for the fact that Holtz and Fey were also selling leftover parts to Schultz, presumably because Schultz had no clue that they were also making gambling machines and had essentially stolen his idea.
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In any event, in the basement of his house in 1895, Fey completed his next mechanical wonder, an even more modified version of the Horseshoe he called the '4-11-44' in homage to a popular lottery game at the time called 'Policy,' in which the rare winning sequence was 4-11-44.
This machine is one of the reasons so many give Fey the credit for inventing the slot machine. It was a three-disc floor machine and was unlike any other ever created because instead of spitting out tokens or slips, it had the ability to dispense actual coins. They put it in a local San Francisco saloon and it was a hit and a huge money maker. Fey and Holtz went to work producing more, but before they got very far, Fey, once again, went packing.
Fey sold his share of his company with Holtz to start his own company, Charles Fey & Company. (Holtz also founded his own company and called it 'Novelty Machine Works'.)
A Ka-band compact single layer substrate integrated waveguide monopulse slot array antenna for the application of monopulse tracking system is designed, fabricated and measured. The feeding network. Abstract - The design of an antenna based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) has been realized in this paper. The structure consists of an array of slot antenna designed to operate in Ku- band applications. The effect of introducing arrays of slots has been extensively studied unlike any other recent publications in this field. Abstract: A Ka-band compact single layer substrate integrated waveguide monopulse slot array antenna for the application of monopulse tracking system is designed, fabricated and measured. The feeding network as well as the monopulse comparator and the subarrays is integrated on the same dielectric with the size of 140 mmtimes130 mm. Substrate integrated waveguide (siw) monopole slot antenna array. The antenna consists of a substrate integrated waveguide, which operates in the fundamental mode TE10, and the rectangular ring-slot radiator with chamfered corners etched in the top wall of the SIW.
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In 1897, Fey further staked his claim as the 'Thomas Edison of slot machines,' when he devised the Card Bell slot machine, a 'three-reel, staggered-stop machine with automatic payout.' Essentially, what it did was stagger the stops – first one reel, then the second, and then the third – just like modern slot machines, creating suspense, drama, and excitement. At first, he used playing card symbols, but two years later, he replaced them with stars and bells and called it the 'Liberty Bell' slot machine. With ten symbols on each reel and ten stops, it allowed for numerous combinations. It was unlike anything else on the market, including Schultz's machines.
It should be noted here that, technically, slot machines at this time were illegal (though, most law officials rarely policed them). As such, even though Schultz was awarded a patent in 1893 for his machine, when he tried to sue Holtz (he did name several other defendants in his documents, including Fey, but Holtz was the main defendant), the courts ruled that the patent didn't protect him because a gambling machine was illegal. Because of this, the gambling and slot machine industry, from then on, was a bit like the wild wild west – ideas, designs, and concepts were stolen right and left.
As for Fey, he never patented any of his machines nor sold or leased them. He would operate them himself by making agreements with the proprietors (bars, cigar shops, etc.) for a 50/50 split of the profits.
First Coin Operated Slot Machines
In the end, Fey's machines were a hit and became the 'the largest slot operation in the country during the early 1900s.'
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy our new popular podcast, The BrainFood Show (iTunes, Spotify, Google Play Music, Feed), as well as:
Bonus Facts:
- In 1906, one of Fey's machines went missing from a Powell Street saloon. It later turned up at the Chicago factory of the Mills Novelty Company, one of Fey's major competitors. They had pulled it apart, to see why it was making more money than any of their machines. They figured out that, due to only three symbols being visible to the player, the suspense created enticed more 'customers.' So, they created their own slot machine – calling it the Mills Liberty Bell slots. Yeah, not even really changing the name. Yet Fey could do nothing – he never patented it and even if he did, the courts would rule that they couldn't protect it anyway.
- In 2006, the Nevada State Museum acquired many of Fey's old slot machines, photographs, and memorabilia from his grandsons. They were previously at the Liberty Belle Restaurant and Saloon in Reno, before the establishment closed. Buying it at under appraised value, the collection is 'one of the finest slot machine collections in the world.'
- Around the time Fey was arriving in San Francisco, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was enacted, curtailing Chinese immigration tremendously in San Fran, from 40,000 people arriving in the city in 1881 to ten (yup, just ten) in 1887.
Several years before, August's uncle (his mother's brother) had moved to and settled in New Jersey. The family received letters from him talking of fortune and the good life America provided. So, August saved his money and made the pilgrimage to the United States. He arrived in New Jersey and lived with his uncle's family in Hoboken (the birth place of baseball), but quickly made the decision to try his hand out west in the 'lawless' town of San Francisco. He arrived there approximately in 1884/1885 at around 23 years old, right when the city was attempting to change itself, for better and worse.
In 2013, maps of San Francisco were uncovered from the late 19th century. These maps showed numerous gambling halls, opium dens, and brothels dotting the city, with each vice-ridden location color-coded on the maps. Despite this, little was done at this time by the local government and police force about these illegal establishments.
In this environment, Fey used his skills as a mechanic and found a job at California Electric Works (later Western Electric, which went defunct in 1995). He worked as an instrument maker and while doing this befriended a German foreman, Theodore Holtz, who will come into this story again later. It was also about this time that he met Marie Christine Volkmar, the daughter of a cigar shop owner, with whom he fell in love with.
Unfortunately, he contracted consumption, aka tuberculosis (see: Why Tuberculosis was Called Consumption), and hit the road again, this time for warmer weather in Mexico. While there, his health did not improve, so he returned to San Fran, thinking if he was going to die, it might as well be near the woman he loved. He miraculously got better (potentially due to the controversial use of creosote, obtained through the distillation of tar) and married Marie in 1889. They would go on to have four children together. To top off the metamorphosis going on in his life, August Charles Fey changed his name to Charles Fey, reportedly because he hated being called 'Gus.'
At this point, Fey began tinkering with creating and inventing his own mechanical devices. Always a fan of making money, he frequented the gambling halls of San Francisco and noticed the so-called 'nickel-in-the-slot' machines that were rapidly becoming popular. These machines were much closer to vending machines than to what we think of slot machines today, dispensing cigars or drink tickets. These also usually required a human, the cigar shop owner or barkeep, to give you your prize. The most popular ones were the poker machines that would actually flip real playing cards on five reels, revealing the hand. The better the hand, the more drink/cigar tickets you earned. These types of machines were so ubiquitous that a San Francisco Daily News headline noted, 'Fiveteen Hundred Swindling Machines in One City!'
In 1893, Fey thought he could make a better gambling machine. His work friend Theodore Holtz introduced him to another German who was working at California Electric Works, Gustav Friedrich Wilhelm Schultze. On August 8, 1893, Schultze had patented his own 'coin-controlled apparatus,' called the 'Horseshoe.' This was the first US patent issued for a gambling machine and was the first to somewhat resemble what we now know as a modern slot machine. In fact, some historians have argued that Schultz, not Fey, should be the one known as the 'Thomas Edison of slot machines.' We will come back to that later. Either way, Fey was impressed and 'inspired' by the Horseshoe and went to work on his own coin-controlled apparatus.
First Coin Operated Slot Machines For Sale
In 1894, Fey designed a version of the Horseshoe, quite simply the same machine, but with a better mechanical reel, and asked Holtz to be his equal business partner (and not Schultz.) Holtz agreed and they both quit their jobs at California Electric, setting up shop as 'Holtz and Fey Electric Works' at 39 Stevenson Street. Purposefully, they positioned their shop close to Schultz's shop, who had also quit his job to make gambling machines. This should have set up a rivalry, except for the fact that Holtz and Fey were also selling leftover parts to Schultz, presumably because Schultz had no clue that they were also making gambling machines and had essentially stolen his idea.
Buy Coin Operated Slot Machine
In any event, in the basement of his house in 1895, Fey completed his next mechanical wonder, an even more modified version of the Horseshoe he called the '4-11-44' in homage to a popular lottery game at the time called 'Policy,' in which the rare winning sequence was 4-11-44.
This machine is one of the reasons so many give Fey the credit for inventing the slot machine. It was a three-disc floor machine and was unlike any other ever created because instead of spitting out tokens or slips, it had the ability to dispense actual coins. They put it in a local San Francisco saloon and it was a hit and a huge money maker. Fey and Holtz went to work producing more, but before they got very far, Fey, once again, went packing.
Fey sold his share of his company with Holtz to start his own company, Charles Fey & Company. (Holtz also founded his own company and called it 'Novelty Machine Works'.)
A Ka-band compact single layer substrate integrated waveguide monopulse slot array antenna for the application of monopulse tracking system is designed, fabricated and measured. The feeding network. Abstract - The design of an antenna based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) has been realized in this paper. The structure consists of an array of slot antenna designed to operate in Ku- band applications. The effect of introducing arrays of slots has been extensively studied unlike any other recent publications in this field. Abstract: A Ka-band compact single layer substrate integrated waveguide monopulse slot array antenna for the application of monopulse tracking system is designed, fabricated and measured. The feeding network as well as the monopulse comparator and the subarrays is integrated on the same dielectric with the size of 140 mmtimes130 mm. Substrate integrated waveguide (siw) monopole slot antenna array. The antenna consists of a substrate integrated waveguide, which operates in the fundamental mode TE10, and the rectangular ring-slot radiator with chamfered corners etched in the top wall of the SIW.
First Coin Operated Slot Machine Machines
In 1897, Fey further staked his claim as the 'Thomas Edison of slot machines,' when he devised the Card Bell slot machine, a 'three-reel, staggered-stop machine with automatic payout.' Essentially, what it did was stagger the stops – first one reel, then the second, and then the third – just like modern slot machines, creating suspense, drama, and excitement. At first, he used playing card symbols, but two years later, he replaced them with stars and bells and called it the 'Liberty Bell' slot machine. With ten symbols on each reel and ten stops, it allowed for numerous combinations. It was unlike anything else on the market, including Schultz's machines.
It should be noted here that, technically, slot machines at this time were illegal (though, most law officials rarely policed them). As such, even though Schultz was awarded a patent in 1893 for his machine, when he tried to sue Holtz (he did name several other defendants in his documents, including Fey, but Holtz was the main defendant), the courts ruled that the patent didn't protect him because a gambling machine was illegal. Because of this, the gambling and slot machine industry, from then on, was a bit like the wild wild west – ideas, designs, and concepts were stolen right and left.
As for Fey, he never patented any of his machines nor sold or leased them. He would operate them himself by making agreements with the proprietors (bars, cigar shops, etc.) for a 50/50 split of the profits.
First Coin Operated Slot Machines
In the end, Fey's machines were a hit and became the 'the largest slot operation in the country during the early 1900s.'
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy our new popular podcast, The BrainFood Show (iTunes, Spotify, Google Play Music, Feed), as well as:
Bonus Facts:
- In 1906, one of Fey's machines went missing from a Powell Street saloon. It later turned up at the Chicago factory of the Mills Novelty Company, one of Fey's major competitors. They had pulled it apart, to see why it was making more money than any of their machines. They figured out that, due to only three symbols being visible to the player, the suspense created enticed more 'customers.' So, they created their own slot machine – calling it the Mills Liberty Bell slots. Yeah, not even really changing the name. Yet Fey could do nothing – he never patented it and even if he did, the courts would rule that they couldn't protect it anyway.
- In 2006, the Nevada State Museum acquired many of Fey's old slot machines, photographs, and memorabilia from his grandsons. They were previously at the Liberty Belle Restaurant and Saloon in Reno, before the establishment closed. Buying it at under appraised value, the collection is 'one of the finest slot machine collections in the world.'
- Around the time Fey was arriving in San Francisco, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was enacted, curtailing Chinese immigration tremendously in San Fran, from 40,000 people arriving in the city in 1881 to ten (yup, just ten) in 1887.
- Image via Vlada Z / Shutterstock.com
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Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria was the Da Vinci of his time, coming up with ideas for all sorts of inventions including a pneumatic steam-powered system that would open large temple doors when a fire was lit on the altar. (he had a flair for the dramatic, and created other sorts of 'special effects' too)
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He also set his mind to practical problems, like those darn Greeks who took too much holy water. He invented a holy water dispensing machine. A coin was dropped into a slot at the top, and would fall onto a tray on a lever. This would pull the stopper out of a bottle of the blessed water, which would drain out a spout in front. The tray would continue to tilt under the weight of the coin, until the coin slid off the end and the lever snapped back, stopping the flow of water once again. Next!
This same tilting-tray mechanism was used in modern vending machines 900 years later, before electricity came into use.
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- Source: Old World, High Techhttp://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ancient_calendar.html
